Analysis of the Socio-economic contribution of donkey ownership and use to Household Livelihoods in Kiambu County, Kenya

Abstract

Donkeys play an important role in household livelihoods, especially among rural and peri-urban households. However, donkeys continue to face numerous challenges, including; disease, injuries and mistreatment. This is attributed to a lack of attention from policy makers and livestock programs. Empirical literature on the contribution and livelihood linkages of donkey use is a potential pathway to inform policy. This study sought to quantify and document the contribution of donkeys on household livelihoods using the sustainable livelihood approach (SLA) in Kiambu County. Multi-stage sampling method was used to select134 donkey owners and 121 non-owners who were interviewed through a questionnaire-based survey. Economic returns from ownership and use of donkeys were assessed using gross margin analysis. A multiple regression model was then applied to assess the effect of donkey welfare indicators and household socio-economic factors on annual donkey returns. A Tobit model was estimated to analyze the effect of donkey use on household female labor time. The findings showed that donkey ownership was a profitable venture; with an average return on investment of Kshs 6 per shilling invested. Donkey welfare factors such as frequency of veterinary care and the number of donkey’s working hours were found to significantly influence the economic returns. The results also showed that donkey ownership significantly reduces the amount of time female persons spend on household chores. The study concludes that, donkey welfare is inextricably linked with welfare of their users, while lack of attention to donkey welfare negatively affect the welfare of donkey users. The study, therefore, recommends the need to enhance donkey welfare at all levels including policy and livestock program priorities. Finally, donkey promotional programs should focus on female-headed households for maximum contribution.