Effects of Climate Change on the Kenyan Coral Reef Eco-system

Abstract

ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosystem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms that that that hashas high economic and high economic and high economic and high economic and high economic and high economic and high economic and high economic and high economic and high economic and tourist significance. tourist significance. tourist significance. tourist significance. tourist significance. tourist significance. tourist significance. tourist significance. NonethelessNonethelessNonethelessNonetheless, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of changes brought about brought about brought about brought about by increasingby increasingby increasingby increasingby increasingby increasingby increasingby increasingby increasing sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. This study sought to his study sought to his study sought to his study sought to his study sought to his study sought to his study sought to his study sought to investigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effect of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the Kenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatial-temporal variabilitytemporal variabilitytemporal variabilitytemporal variabilitytemporal variabilitytemporal variabilitytemporal variabilitytemporal variability of of sea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating the spatialspatialspatialspatial-temporal variability of temporal variability of temporal variability of temporal variability of temporal variability of temporal variability of temporal variability of temporal variability of temporal variability of temporal variability of ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification overover the the Kenyan coastlineKenyan coastlineKenyan coastlineKenyan coastlineKenyan coastlineKenyan coastlineKenyan coastlineKenyan coastlineKenyan coastlineKenyan coastline; and simulating the and simulating the and simulating the and simulating the and simulating the and simulating the combined effectcombined effectcombined effectcombined effectcombined effectcombined effectcombined effectcombined effectcombined effect of sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperature increasesincreasesincreasesincreasesincreasesincreases and and and ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem. Historical (2000Historical (2000Historical (2000Historical (2000Historical (2000-2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface temperature (SSTs)(SSTs)(SSTs) was was obtained obtained obtained obtained from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data on data on data on data on dissolved dissolved total total total carbon dioxide carbon dioxide carbon dioxide carbon dioxide carbon dioxide (TCO(TCO(TCO2) and and pH from pH from pH from Global Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022-2081) sea surface sea surface sea surface sea surface sea surface sea surface sea surface sea surface temperature and temperature and temperature and temperature and temperature and temperature and temperature and dissolved carbon dissolved carbon dissolved carbon dissolved carbon dissolved carbon dioxidedioxide data was data was data was data was downloadeddownloadeddownloadeddownloaded from Coupled Model from Coupled Model from Coupled Model from Coupled Model from Coupled Model from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) (SSPs) (SSPs) (SSPs) namely SSP2namely SSP2namely SSP2namely SSP2namely SSP2namely SSP2namely SSP2namely SSP2-4.5 and SSP5 and SSP5 and SSP5 and SSP5 and SSP5 and SSP5-8.5. Statistical, graphicalStatistical, graphicalStatistical, graphicalStatistical, graphicalStatistical, graphicalStatistical, graphicalStatistical, graphicalStatistical, graphicalStatistical, graphicalStatistical, graphical and model simulations and model simulations and model simulations and model simulations and model simulations analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied in the studyin the studyin the studyin the study to investigto investigto investigate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral reef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastlineline. Results indicateResults indicateResults indicateResults indicateResults indicateResults indicateResults indicateResults indicate that mean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperature and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide along the Kenyan along the Kenyan along the Kenyan along the Kenyan along the Kenyan along the Kenyan along the Kenyan along the Kenyan along the Kenyan coastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasons and and had inchad inchad inchad increased reased reased reased betweenbetweenbetweenbetweenbetween the yearsthe yearsthe yearsthe yearsthe yearsthe yearsthe years 2000-20212021. TrendTrendTrendTrend tests of of SSTs SSTs SSTs SSTs and TCOand TCOand TCO2 revealedrevealedrevealedrevealed a significant significant significant significant upward upward trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance. Rising SSTs Rising SSTs Rising SSTs Rising SSTs Rising SSTs Rising SSTs Rising SSTs Rising SSTs led to led to bleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefs along this coastlinealong this coastlinealong this coastlinealong this coastlinealong this coastlinealong this coastlinealong this coastlinealong this coastlinealong this coastline whereas TCOwhereas TCOwhereas TCOwhereas TCOwhereas TCOwhereas TCO2 led toled to reduced reduced reduced reduced amountamount of carbonate ion carbonate ion carbonate ion carbonate ion carbonate ion carbonate ion concentraconcentraconcentraconcentraconcentrationtion and and reduced reduced reduced reduced pH in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters which affected the which affected the which affected the which affected the which affected the which affected the which affected the which affected the ratesrates of calcificationof calcificationof calcificationof calcificationof calcificationof calcificationof calcificationof calcification and and and survivalsurvival of the of the coral coral coral reefs. reefs. reefs. The results of the The results of the The results of the The results of the The results of the The results of the The results of the The results of the Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output model model simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification had had negativnegativnegativnegativnegatively affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef cover cover cover resulting inresulting inresulting inresulting inresulting in a decline of a decline of a decline of a decline of a decline of a decline of a decline of a decline of more than 30%more than 30%more than 30%more than 30% of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline further further further in the future shortin the future shortin the future shortin the future shortin the future short-term (2022term (2022term (2022-2041), mid41), mid41), mid-termterm (2042-2061) and) and) and the longthe longthe longthe long-term (2062term (2062term (2062-2081) under under the two climate two climate two climate two climate two climate scenariosscenariosscenariosscenarios. The results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in long-term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under SSP2-4.5 and 63% under SSP54.5 and 63% under SSP54.5 and 63% under SSP54.5 and 63% under SSP54.5 and 63% under SSP54.5 and 63% under SSP54.5 and 63% under SSP54.5 and 63% under SSP5-8.5 if the trends in SSTs and if the trends in SSTs and if the trends in SSTs and if the trends in SSTs and if the trends in SSTs and if the trends in SSTs and if the trends in SSTs and if the trends in SSTs and TCO2 are maintainedare maintainedare maintainedare maintained. This study recomThis study recomThis study recomThis study recomThis study recomThis study recomThis study recommends mends collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal county governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knowledge base wledge base wledge base wledge base wledge base wledge base wledge base wledge base wledge base while simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the socio-economic economic economic economic economic benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.

ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosysThe coral reef ecosystem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms tem is a natural habitat for many marine organisms that that that hashas high economic and high economic and high economic and high economic and high economic and high economic and high economic and high economic and high economic and high economic and tourist significance. tourist significance. tourist significance. tourist significance. tourist significance. tourist significance. tourist significance. tourist significance. NonethelessNonethelessNonethelessNonetheless, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of change, this ecosystem has very low tolerance to the effects of changes brought about brought about brought about brought about by increasingby increasingby increasingby increasingby increasingby increasingby increasingby increasingby increasing sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Tsea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. This study sought to his study sought to his study sought to his study sought to his study sought to his study sought to his study sought to his study sought to investigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effectinvestigate the combined effect of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the of rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification on the Kenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatialKenyan coral reef ecosystem. This was achieved by determining the spatial-temporal variabilitytemporal variabilitytemporal variabilitytemporal variabilitytemporal variabilitytemporal variabilitytemporal variabilitytemporal variability of of sea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating thesea surface temperatures; evaluating the spatialspatialspatialspatial-temporal variability of temporal variability of temporal variability of temporal variability of temporal variability of temporal variability of temporal variability of temporal variability of temporal variability of temporal variability of ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification ocean acidification overover the the Kenyan coastlineKenyan coastlineKenyan coastlineKenyan coastlineKenyan coastlineKenyan coastlineKenyan coastlineKenyan coastlineKenyan coastlineKenyan coastline; and simulating the and simulating the and simulating the and simulating the and simulating the and simulating the combined effectcombined effectcombined effectcombined effectcombined effectcombined effectcombined effectcombined effectcombined effect of sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperatureof sea surface temperature increasesincreasesincreasesincreasesincreasesincreases and and and ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem.ocean acidification on the coral reef ecosystem. Historical (2000Historical (2000Historical (2000Historical (2000Historical (2000-2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface tempera2021) data on sea surface temperature (SSTs)(SSTs)(SSTs) was was obtained obtained obtained obtained from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data on data on data on data on dissolved dissolved total total total carbon dioxide carbon dioxide carbon dioxide carbon dioxide carbon dioxide (TCO(TCO(TCO2) and and pH from pH from pH from Global Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis ProGlobal Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022ject (GLODAP). Future 2022-2081) sea surface sea surface sea surface sea surface sea surface sea surface sea surface sea surface temperature and temperature and temperature and temperature and temperature and temperature and temperature and dissolved carbon dissolved carbon dissolved carbon dissolved carbon dissolved carbon dioxidedioxide data was data was data was data was downloadeddownloadeddownloadeddownloaded from Coupled Model from Coupled Model from Coupled Model from Coupled Model from Coupled Model from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) experiment for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) (SSPs) (SSPs) (SSPs) namely SSP2namely SSP2namely SSP2namely SSP2namely SSP2namely SSP2namely SSP2namely SSP2-4.5 and SSP5 and SSP5 and SSP5 and SSP5 and SSP5 and SSP5-8.5. Statistical, graphicalStatistical, graphicalStatistical, graphicalStatistical, graphicalStatistical, graphicalStatistical, graphicalStatistical, graphicalStatistical, graphicalStatistical, graphicalStatistical, graphical and model simulations and model simulations and model simulations and model simulations and model simulations analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied analyses were applied in the studyin the studyin the studyin the study to investigto investigto investigate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral ate the combined effect of increasing SST and ocean acidification on coral reef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastreef ecosystem over the Kenyan coastlineline. Results indicateResults indicateResults indicateResults indicateResults indicateResults indicateResults indicateResults indicate that mean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperaturemean sea surface temperature and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide and dissolved carbon dioxide along the Kenyan along the Kenyan along the Kenyan along the Kenyan along the Kenyan along the Kenyan along the Kenyan along the Kenyan along the Kenyan coastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasoncoastline varied with seasons and and had inchad inchad inchad increased reased reased reased betweenbetweenbetweenbetweenbetween the yearsthe yearsthe yearsthe yearsthe yearsthe yearsthe years 2000-20212021. TrendTrendTrendTrend tests of of SSTs SSTs SSTs SSTs and TCOand TCOand TCO2 revealedrevealedrevealedrevealed a significant significant significant significant upward upward trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance.trend at 5% level of significance. Rising SSTs Rising SSTs Rising SSTs Rising SSTs Rising SSTs Rising SSTs Rising SSTs Rising SSTs led to led to bleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefsbleaching in coral reefs along this coastlinealong this coastlinealong this coastlinealong this coastlinealong this coastlinealong this coastlinealong this coastlinealong this coastlinealong this coastline whereas TCOwhereas TCOwhereas TCOwhereas TCOwhereas TCOwhereas TCO2 led toled to reduced reduced reduced reduced amountamount of carbonate ion carbonate ion carbonate ion carbonate ion carbonate ion carbonate ion concentraconcentraconcentraconcentraconcentrationtion and and reduced reduced reduced reduced pH in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters in the sea surface waters which affected the which affected the which affected the which affected the which affected the which affected the which affected the which affected the ratesrates of calcificationof calcificationof calcificationof calcificationof calcificationof calcificationof calcificationof calcification and and and survivalsurvival of the of the coral coral coral reefs. reefs. reefs. The results of the The results of the The results of the The results of the The results of the The results of the The results of the The results of the Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output Combined Mortality and Bleaching Output model model simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification simulation revealed that bleaching and ocean acidification had had negativnegativnegativnegativnegatively affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef ely affected the coral reef cover cover cover resulting inresulting inresulting inresulting inresulting in a decline of a decline of a decline of a decline of a decline of a decline of a decline of a decline of more than 30%more than 30%more than 30%more than 30% of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and of cover between 2000 and 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the 2021. The results of the simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline simulation also projected that the coral reef cover will continue to decline further further further in the future shortin the future shortin the future shortin the future shortin the future short-term (2022term (2022term (2022-2041), mid41), mid41), mid-termterm (2042-2061) and) and) and the longthe longthe longthe long-term (2062term (2062term (2062-2081) under under the two climate two climate two climate two climate two climate scenariosscenariosscenariosscenarios. The results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in longThe results indicated that the ecosystem will decline in long-term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under term by 52% under SSP2-4.5 and 63% under SSP54.5 and 63% under SSP54.5 and 63% under SSP54.5 and 63% under SSP54.5 and 63% under SSP54.5 and 63% under SSP54.5 and 63% under SSP54.5 and 63% under SSP5-8.5 if the trends in SSTs and if the trends in SSTs and if the trends in SSTs and if the trends in SSTs and if the trends in SSTs and if the trends in SSTs and if the trends in SSTs and if the trends in SSTs and TCO2 are maintainedare maintainedare maintainedare maintained. This study recomThis study recomThis study recomThis study recomThis study recomThis study recomThis study recommends mends collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by collaborative implementation of climate change policies and practices by national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal national and regional governments, communities policy makers; enhanced efforts by coastal county governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knocounty governments in Kenya and research organizations to expound on scientific knowledge base wledge base wledge base wledge base wledge base wledge base wledge base wledge base wledge base while simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the sociowhile simultaneously implementing sustainable targeted solutions to ensure that the socio-economic economic economic economic economic benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.benefits of the coral reef ecosystem are sustained.