Assessing the Effects of Climate Variability and Change on Crop Farmers: Small Scale Farmers in Rongai Sub-county, Nakuru County in the Republic of Kenya

Abstract

The study was carried out in the Rongai Sub-County of Nakuru County, with a focus on assessing how crop farmers are affected by the changes and variations in climate, specifically investigating their socio-economic repercussions. To accomplish this, the researcher outlined four distinct objectives: Firstly, to delve into how the changes in climate influence small-scale farmers and gauge its socio-economic effects on their livelihoods. Secondly, to identify the factors influencing the choices small-scale farmers make when selecting climate adaptation strategies. Lastly, to analyze the factors influencing farmers' perceptions concerning the changes and variability in climate The research targeted a diverse group comprising small-scale crop farmers, Sub-County officials, administrators, and local leaders. A sample of 255 respondents was thoughtfully selected to participate. Structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, as well as interviews were used to collect data. The study employed stratification to identify various locations, systematic sampling to pinpoint households, simple random techniques for selection of respondents, and purposive sampling to identify informants. To analyze the collected data, the research employed the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20 software, with the findings being presented in a comprehensible manner through graphs, pie-charts, and tables for descriptive data, while inferential statistics were explored using the chi-square test. From the results, the farmers were aware of the changes in climate and variability. Moreover, factors such as age, education, farming experience, household size, land size, and capital played pivotal roles in shaping farmers' perceptions and the options they considered for adapting to the changes. Notably, prolonged droughts, declining yields, and increased pest and disease prevalence, were seen as the most significant impacts of the changes (p=0.0000). Most farmers reported annual earnings ranging from 21,000 to 40,000 Kenyan shillings from their farming activities. Observable signs such as rising temperatures, less rainfall, and frequent floods, were consistently recognized (p=0.0000). Farmers adapted to these challenges by employing various measures, including mixed cropping, the use of improved crop varieties, and irrigation practices (p=0.0000). Insufficient finances (Mean=4.76, S.D=0.43) were commonly cited as the primary hindrance to effective climate change adaptation. The study also highlighted that indigenous knowledge (p=0.0000) played a crucial role in disseminating information about the changes and variability in climate among farmers. In light of these findings, it is imperative for both the National and County Governments to prioritize investment in extension services. These services can provide farmers with accurate and reliable information on changes and variability in climate, enabling them to better navigate the challenges and adapt more effectively