The Role of Digital Diplomacy in Regional Integration: a Case Study of Kenya’s Relations With Other East African Community Member States (2012 – 2020)

Abstract

Diplomacy has been evolving to remain relevant with the current issues being faced by the states. Globalisation and technological advancements have birthed a new kind of diplomacy, digital diplomacy, which has the potential to promote regionalism in blocs. However, the impact of digital diplomacy in promoting regionalism is not established and that is why this research was carried out. This study is aimed to examine the extent to which the usage of social media by the Kenyan government in its conduct of intra-EAC relations has impacted the relations between Kenya and its EAC neighbours. Also, it aimed to examine the extent to which the usage of social media by the non-state actors in intra-EAC cross-border transactions has impacted the relations between Kenyan and its EAC neighbours. The literature review identified that regional integration has levels for its full achievement. It starts with promoting free trade, then having a customs union, and later a common market is created, this will pave way for an economic union and finally, the governing entities of the member countries can settle on having a political union. It also confirmed that the main concept of shifting to digital diplomacy is because communication on social media platforms demystifies borders, it is a fast mode of communication that extends to multiple recipients and it is also cheaper to engage the public since technology has infiltrated many parts of the East African region. The study adopted the theory of liberal institutionalism and it employed both exploratory and descriptive research designs targeting government officials and journalists. A questionnaire was used as an interview guide for data collection. The data analysis confirmed the research hypotheses and revealed that Kenya’s use of social media has impacted its relations with its EAC neighbours and how social media has had a positive impact on the way that bilateral relations are conducted between Kenya and other EAC states. Besides the ease and promptness in communication through social media, regulations have to be set to control the networks for security reasons and create trust among the users. Among its recommendations, the study suggests public awareness of the use of digital diplomacy as this could aid Kenya’s goal of positioning itself as a key member of the EAC as the citizens of Kenya, as well as non-state actors, can help spread government messages for a wider reach. Moreover, such sensitization would help to reduce the possibility of users’ exposure to the risks and dangers that lie on social media platforms. These include fake news, phishing, cybercrime and hacking of accounts, among others.