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The Global Positioning System
(2013)
The Global Positioning System or GPS is the oldest and most widely used GNSS system, and as such will be extensively discussed in this and the next chapter. The development of GPS satellites dates from the 1960s.
Digital Photogrammetry
(2013)
One of the most fundamental developments in the history of photogrammetry has been the transition from analytical to digital photogrammetry. This was realized in the early 1990s through softcopy-based systems or Digital ...
Weather, Climate and Global Warming
(2013)
In order to fully appreciate the contribution of geoinformatics in monitoring climate change caused by increase in temperature, a distinction between weather and climate, on one hand, and climate variability and climate ...
Environmental Monitoring and Management
(2013)
A natural way to begin this monogram is by posing several pertinent questions. Firstly, what exactly does the term “monitoring” mean. Furthermore, is monitoring synonymous to measuring or observing? And more specifically, ...
Environmental Impact Assessment
(2013)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is defined by Munn (1979) as the need to identify and predict the impact on the environment and on man’s health and well-being of legislative proposals, policies, programs, projects, ...
Input of GIS Data
(2013)
Precisely because of the expensive cost of GIS data capture and the fact that the procedures involved in this are also fairly time consuming, the sources for GIS data should always be carefully analyzed before selection ...
Spatial Analysis
(2013)
The most important function of GIS is the analysis of spatial data and their attributes for purposes of decision support. Indeed, spatial analysis is the very crux of GIS. It is the means of adding value to geographic data ...
Satellite Environmental Sensing
(2013)
GNSS satellites such as GPS are playing an increasingly crucial role in tracking low earth orbiting (LEO) remote sensing satellites at altitudes below 3000 km with accuracies of better than 10 cm (Yunck et al. 1990). These ...
Maps in Environmental Monitoring
(2013)
A map is an abstraction of reality that creates a model of the world or a part thereof, effectively projecting the curved surface of the earth onto a plane surface. Unlike images that model reality at an iconic level of ...
Protection and Conservation of Animals and Vegetation
(2013)
This chapter presents ways in which geoinformatics could be useful in supporting management and conservation efforts of animals and vegetation. Ways in which animals and vegetation impact on the environment, and vice versa, ...