dc.description.abstract | The main focus was to look at the effects of scavenging solid waste materials for income on
livelihood and welfare at Dandora dump-site. In this study; the respondents were young men
and women who come to scoop solid waste materials for make money. Further; the study
used non-representative technique to identify respondents in order to get comprehensive
information. The study was useful since it helped to know that scavenging was an
opportunity for wealth creation and employment among the low income earners in Dandora.
The benefits of the study were analyzed and recommendations made based on data gotten
from primary and secondary linked to Dandora-dump-site concerning scavengers. Survey
method was used to study the respondents. Moreover; case studies and contact techniques
were used to select the respondents and their responses rated 90%.A sample group of 40
scavengers were selected for the study. The features represented the whole population of
human scavengers. In the study, questionnaires and oral interviews were used for data
collection. Further, in the analysis, the study used tabulations, pie charts and bar graphs
which were easy to plot information for interpretation. Bar graphs were also used to show
comparisons across categories thus giving clear difference. The findings indicated that human
scavenging had effects on the livelihood and welfare. Additionally; the practice was found to
have a potential of creating sustainable employment for thousands of low income earners
based on daily discharge of solid waste materials to the dump- site. In that regard, daily
earnings ranged from Ksh.150 -300 which is above one dollar per day. The figures showed
that the sale of solid waste materials to the re-cycling industries was sustainable and able to
withstand the challenge of livelihood and welfare. In conclusion, findings support that human
scavenging is able to sustain livelihood and welfare of low income earners. The activity is
profitable hence a means of wealth creation. From the findings, policy makers need to
formulate guide-lines on how to control the process of scavenging solid waste materials at the
site. CHAPTER 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Setting of study. Scooping waste has a bird
adapted nature related to social traits of humanity inherited from ancestors of pre- historic
hominids who developed into humans (Ferrante 2003). According to gathering and hunting
theories human-kind is said to have depended on scavenging for livelihood at the time of
human ancestry. Similarly, man-the-hunter theory also has a strong back up of the early
human- kind as scavengers for meat intake from dead carcasses in the forest. The
Olorgesailie site in northern Kenya is cited as one of the 'proofs' of early humans who
actively scavenged for meat as part of their diet as evidenced from over 4,700 stone tools
(Makaje 2000). Taking the hunting behaviour of chimpanzees as an example of co-operation
between individuals, early humans used to ask one another for help in a hunt of larger
animals. Muniafu (2010) believes that primitive tools and absence of language as a complex
communication device lead to scavenging by early humans on a regular basis and contributed
to diet daily. Today human scavenging is a common activity at Dandora dump-site. For years,
the phenomenon has turned out to be a profession for low-income earners in Nairobi.
Scavengers make a living through sorting solid waste materials and selling them to the recyclers
who refine them for re-use. The key words of focus throughout the study were human
scavenging activity. The terms are defined inclusively as behaviour of searching through
waste for items that could be used for different purposes. Human scavenging is a practice that
holds the truth that a scavenger is not only a bird or an animal but also a person who looks for
waste materials in dust-bins and dump- sites for food stuff, plastics, metals, wood, stones,
wire, bones but to mention a few for re-use. Therefore, this study concentrated on human
beings as scavengers fending for food and sorting waste materials for re-use as means of
livelihood and welfare. Scavenging theory adds that one searches for food by sorting out
different items in heaps of waste materials. This practice of separating waste materials for reuse
had many effects on the livelihood and welfare of the scavengers at the Dandora dumpsite.
In addition to acknowledging the contribution of scavenging activity in the re-cycling
industry, the previous studies did not provide sufficient information on the impacts of the
practice to the livelihood and welfare of the low income earners at the site. The literature
review showed a serious omission of information. Similarly, the issue of livelihood and
welfare of low-income earners was weighty at Dandora dump-site. These scavengers had
little knowledge about the dangers of the toxic materials. The site is a collection of non-toxic
and toxic materials where sorting solid waste continue without order hence compromising
working conditions and human health-care. Scores of scavengers in the site have either lost
life or suffered from a health related diseases such as asthma, anaemia and skin infections just
to mention a few. There was too much waste to scavenge at the site. For instance, Nairobi
city generates enough waste materials that could sustain thousands of people in selfemployment.
The outcome of this study would lead to a set of recommendations in which
policies will be established to improve livelihood and welfare of youths, elderly men and
women at the site. In conclusion, this proposal aimed at assessing the effects of human
scavenging on the livelihood and welfare of the poor scavengers at the Dandora dump-site.
According to Muniafu (2010) report, high percentage of waste finds its way to the site due to
increasing population in the city. This study was based on assumption that scavenging solid
waste materials for sell had effects such as economic growth that lead to sustainable income.
To achieve the goal of testing the effects of human scavenging on livelihood and welfare of
the scavengers at the site, the following considerations were necessary. Firstly, the
characteristics of scavengers at the site. Secondly; the type of solid waste materials to be
studied. Thirdly; the protective measures against ill-health during the process. Fourthly, the
effects of solid waste materials on livelihoods and welfare of the scavengers. 1.2 Problem
statement Human scavenging was seen in different forms such as sorting wastes for food and
re-use in the re-cycling industry. In all the activities of scavenging, human beings were
actively involved with solid waste that comprised of both toxic and non-toxic substances. In
the case of Dandora dump- site, hundreds of young people scavenged solid waste materials
for livelihood. The previous studies did not factor information on the effects of human
scavenging and more particularly the livelihood and welfare of those who collected solid
waste materials for sale. Going by the many young people carrying sacks to the dump-site, it
was interesting to study the effects of 3 scavenging solid waste on their livelihood and
welfare. It was not easy to answer some questions related to the practice of scooping valuable
items in the site and taking them to the market for sale. Therefore, a study had to be
conducted to reveal how much the practice impacted their livelihood and welfare. This study
is based on the effects of human scavenging on the residents’ livelihoods. Scavengers at the
Dandora dump-site comprise of people of low education whom many have suffered ill- health
in the process of scavenging toxic waste materials. In attempt to address the problem of
insufficient information, this study proposes to improve scavenging on the basis of findings.
Admittedly; solid waste materials have the potential of absorbing thousands of people for
employment. UNEP (2008) report noted that re-cyclable waste is a profitable business, where
every day, children from slums around Dandora go to the site in search of food, re-cyclables
and other valuables they can sell. The missing link of effects on livelihoods of illiterate
people is expected to tap the potential of scavenging millions of tonnes of solid waste for
economic growth through income generation. This is an area that has not been exploited and
information provided to the public domain. This study seeks to bridge the gap of information.
Many companies currently make a lot of money through re-cycling solid waste materials.
Moreover; they have also employed young people to sort waste for re-use. Nevertheless;
nobody knows clearly the impacts of human scavenging on livelihoods of individuals and
families of scavengers at the dump-site. UNEP report (2007) puts it clear that, the site is wide
and open to accommodate many tonnes of waste from Nairobi County. Reports go further to
note that much of the Dandora solid waste materials are a source of livelihood to low income
earners of the neighbourhood. Similarly; studies done by Comboni Missionaries (2009)
reveal that the dump is ever busy with people coming to fend for livelihood. Moreover,
UNEP (2007) report adds that young people look for valuable items in particular those that
are metallic in nature for sale. Indeed, as referenced by the previous studies the dump has the
potential of creating thousands of jobs. Malimosa (2008) concurs that the dump-site is a
multi-million industry where politicians are highly involved. This report established that
many firms have found new havens of re- cycling waste hence opening a big door for
employment. Supporting the observation, Muniafu (2010) points out that those solid waste
materials constitute of valuable items thrown at the site. It is clear that those who work at the
dump-site make a living out of scavenging waste. As the UNEP report (2008) records that at
the site and especially during hard economic times one earn between Ksh 50-150 a day. They
scoop and separate all types waste from surrounding estates. A detailed study done by the
UNEP (2007) indicates a lot of people can benefit from the sale of valuable solid waste
materials. Solid waste is a resource. Comboni Missionaries (2009) observes that people of
low income benefit at a great deal. It is evident that our waste is a resource to a product useful
to life. UNEP report (2008) adds that life can be meaningful in relation to the income accrued
from the daily earnings from the dump-site. Previous studies reveal a big potential in the
human scavenging practice. Nevertheless, there is no sufficient information on effects on the
livelihoods of people at the dump-site. As much as solid waste materials are seen as
resources, it has impacts on peoples’ life styles. UN research (2007) has shown that the site is
a breeding ground for disease and contaminates the surrounding area with toxic chemicals.
Here scavengers have little knowledge about the dangers involved in the waste but they make
a living. For instance, UNEP (2008) report show that numerous boys have been known for
spending many hours looking for items for sale daily. This study advances the argument that
solid waste has the potential of creating employment thus improving livelihoods. According
to Muniafu (2010), noted people around the dump are ignorant and cannot link any ill-health
and positive impacts to the practice. The health of the users is important. Muniafu (2010)
observes that many families have suffered from poisonous fumes in the dump-site. UNEP
(2008), equally show high levels of heavy metals having a negative impact on the
surrounding environment and the local residents. This study points out a big gap of
information about effects of activities that affect the life style of human beings at the site. The
implication is that scavenging waste materials for re-use is not captured in government
policies hence leaving a big room for health abuse. Re-cycling is an obvious business,
therefore; those who sort waste should work within a legal frame-work in order to protect the
environment and their health. Some measures need to be taken to reverse the previous trend
of health centres. Muniafu (2010) note that wide cross-section of analysts point out the
requirements of transactions around the dump. For example; Comboni Missionaries (2009)
observed that it was important to consider health conditions of those working at the site.
Assumedly, human scavenging can lead to many health hazards. UNEP (2007) report
indicates that there is an explosion in cases of respiratory, gastro-intestinal and skin diseases.
For the hundreds of people who scavenge the site for food or trade-able items are at a threat
of HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and other diseases from infected materials. And like any occupation,
the results of scavenging are supposed to be fruitful with fewer health implications among the
residents. The current study has singled out the gap of effects that needs to be bridged with
the correct information in order to improve livelihoods of Dandora dump-site. 1.3 Research
questions. The study had one general and two specific questions. These questions posed were
addressed and a solution found using empirical data concerning the effects of human
scavenging on livelihood and welfare. The study problem was presented through two
questions: 1. Are there effects of human scavenging on livelihood and welfare of scavengers
at the site? 2. Will the activity improve living standards of low-income earners scavenging at
the site? 1.4 Objectives: To look for distinctiveness of human scavengers at the dump-site, to
find out the type of solid waste materials scavenged and disposal outlets, to examine
measures used to protect scavengers against ill-health of solid waste materials and to examine
the effects of the solid waste materials on livelihood and welfare of scavengers. 1.5 Range
and boundaries of this work. Dump-sites country-wide required a lot of time and money
which was not available. Therefore; the study was done in Dandora dump-site with an
assumption that the findings were applicable to other sites. The target group had low
education hence it was assumed that they might not understand questions for interviews thus
giving false information. Additionally; scavengers kept off from visitors in fear of their
activities been exposed and for that reason time was needed to create awareness about the
study. 1.6 Importance of this work. Theoretical and practical impact noted were, first and
foremost, the findings acted as a reference to similar work on human scavenging. Secondly,
the findings were expected to improve human scavenging for commercial purposes in the recycling
industry. Thirdly, the data was made to benefit devolved governments in planning
dump-sites in the counties. Fourthly, the study generated information that will add knowledge
to the literature of human scavenging. Fifthly, policy-makers will have enough information to
make proper human scavenging guide- lines in the dump-sites. 1.7 Definitions of terms.
Human: A creature with a high intellectual ability than an animal. Scavenging: Means of
searching valuable materials for sale by human effort. Human scavenging: Is an occupation
of low-income earners searching for valuable solid waste materials for sale such as plastics,
metals, wood, leather, stones, bones, wire, glass and manure. Protective measures: Effort of
protection against ill-health from toxic solid waste materials. Awareness: To be well
informed, having knowledge or realization of risk, danger or threat. Sustainable: To support;
to keep alive or in existence for a long time. Livelihood: A way of earning a living or income
and an occupation of selling solid waste materials that can be re-cycled for re-use. Welfare:
Happiness, care, prosperity of a person or a group. Money paid to those in need. Perception:
It is an insight, opinion or an observation. Policy frame-work: It is law that gives direction
and the regulation. Solid: Not in form of liquid or gas; of the same substance throughout
containing only one specified material; figure of three dimensions having length, breadth and
thickness. Waste: Not fit to be used; no longer useful and to be thrown away. CHAPTER 2. 0
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAME-WORK 2.1 Opening remark.
This work sought to create a link with previous studies through the generated information
from reliable sources since this it is not 100% original. First and foremost, literature
explaining the characteristics of human scavenging has been provided to establish a
foundation of the study. In addition to the uniqueness of the activity, the research dwelt on
scavenging at Dandora dump- site. At the site, studies were carried out to determine the type
of solid waste materials scavenged. Since solid waste materials comprise of both toxic and
non-toxic substances, the study looked at information supporting protective measures against
ill-health of the scavengers at the site. Further, this study provided the impacts associated
with solid waste material at the site. Scavengers at the site depended on solid waste materials
for livelihood and welfare therefore; this section of the work analyzed disposal outlets that
make the practice profitable. Re-cycling opened an opportunity of living, consequently; this
part of the study gave a detailed feature of positive effects of scavenging activity.
Furthermore; this chapter has provided effects of human scavenging on livelihood and
welfare of the individuals involved in the practice. This study went on to add information
concerning national law of dumping and solid waste material management. The practice is a
source of living to hundreds of scavengers, therefore; this chapter finally provided their
perceptions about re-locating the site. 2.2 Global overview of human scavenging Haralambos
(1995) records that the current human activities have a millennia-old cause that stretch from
the pre-human ancestors. Scavenging at the Dandora dump-site is an ancient human
behaviour of searching for food. Schaefer (2004) observes that urbanization throughout the
world has increased dumping of solid waste materials. From a global perspective it is,
therefore; clear that scavenging is increasingly gaining importance in sustaining livelihood of
low income earners in the developing nations through recycling solid waste materials. 2.3
Characteristics of human scavengers Human scavenging entails the use of one’s hands to pick
valuable items that can fetch money in the re-cycling companies. MacCalman (2008) adds
that scavengers do not care when looking for valuable materials. The risks are very high due
numerous items that are so toxic and life threatening. The people who rely on scavenging are
low income earners. They are exposed to toxic and non - toxic materials at the site. Kim
(1998) notes that all that seem to be harmful to human beings will ultimately find itself to the
site. Additionally, the activities of scavenging are done all the day long since the site is open
24 hours. This behaviour is lead by desire to eat; therefore, one is able to access the source of
food at a time of need. MacCalman (2008) observes that dump-sites are never put under
electric fence hence allow in and out flow of people. 2.4 Human scavenging at Dandora –site
Dandora dump-site is ever busy with groups of children, youth, elderly men and women
trying to make ends meet. Malimosa (2008) observes that young people find a way of earning
an income to address daily up-keep in the family. Residents of Dandora have an alternative
livelihood through scavenging. Those who cannot get a job prefer human scavenging for a
means of a living. The solid waste materials in the site sustain their lives. UNEP report
(2009) note that in Dandora more than half million people live around the dump-site and
thousands try to make a living on the scraps and rubbish dumped on the site. There is a
variety of materials to be scavenged at the site. UN-Habitat report (2008) records that the
most desperate people find refuge at the site as they try to survive and make a living out of
the rubbish that surround them including paper, glass, metals, wood, plastic and even food.
The site receives tonnes of solid waste that human scavenging cannot exhaust. Muniafu
(2010) alleges that at Dandora dump-site 2000 tonnes of waste is dumped in the site every
day, which means from a mathematical perspective, this weight amounts to 12,000 tonnes in
a month and 0.144 million tonnes in a year. It is true from the provided statistics that the site
can sustain human scavenging for years. Nevertheless, it matters the solid material
scavenged. Most of the materials are more valuable than others and they fetch good money in
the re-cycling companies. Kim (1998) report reveals that the huge waste at the dump makes
thousands of Dandora residents make a living. 2.4.1Type of materials scavenged at the site.
Dandora dump-site is a collection of all types of solid waste materials. Muniafu (2010) note
that as the population of Nairobi increase, waste continue to pile at the site which translates to
income per day. Historically, scavenging at the site did not start in the recent past. Muniafu
(2010) is trying to cite dumping of solid waste materials from 1973 and predicts the amount
that is likely to be dumped in the site by 2015. Table 1.Show trends of waste in the city
(Tonnes) 1973 452.661 1975 501.921 1985 850.861 1998 1,426.002 2002 1,530.003 2004
2,347.004 2015 2,679.895 Muniafu (2010), Solid Management in Nairobi.Vol.2 No.1 The
data provided feature only the total collection of all kinds of materials. Muniafu (2010)
record that high percentage of solid waste entail plastics in addition to other items.
Scavengers at the site look for anything that can bring money. Malimosa (2008) note it is
clear that re- cycling business around Dandora dump-site depend heavily on scavenging for
sorting solid waste materials. At the site, the valuable materials which are scavenged include
the metals, glass, plastics, wood, stones, wire and even leather. UNEP report (2007) shows
that there is a lot of business going on around the site and its environs. 2.5 Measures of
protection against ill-health Scavenging is a risk activity and the people do not have
protection. Further, the site poses a health threat both to the scavengers and the residents of
Dandora and the neighbourhoods. UNEP report (2009) recorded that health centres have
attended to hundreds of people around the site. Malimosa (2008) observes that there are
unique cases of infections related to fumes at the site. Studies carried in the past revealed that
the site is not safe. This is true to the practice of 11 scavenging. MacCalman (2008) notes that
site has high levels of dangerous chemicals that affect human health. If children have been
affected health- wise then it means scavengers are equally in danger. Muniafu (2010) shows
that 50 percent of the children found at the site had been tested and proven to be in a certain
level of danger of blood complications. It is not safe for scavengers to go on with their work.
UNEP report (2009) points out low hemoglobin levels and iron deficiency anaemia leading to
kidney failure and brain dysfunction. Also to note, hundreds of people who scavenge at the
site for food or tradable items face the threat of HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and other diseases from
infected materials. More importantly; the health of scavengers is not protected and guided by
a policy. Leakage of harmful metals to water and environment are poisonous. (Wood 1981)
2.5.1 Negative impacts of solid waste collection. Many people in Dandora estate resort into
human scavenging because of poverty. Unemployment is a problem that leads scavengers to
the extent of picking contaminated food. Wood (1981) observes that expired food thrown in
the site is not fit for human use hence dangerous. In addition to contaminated food stuffs
there are other health hazards. UNEP report (2009) record that health hazards associated with
the Dandora dump-site are known to affect and paralyze all systems of human body. The
report also indicates people around the site have test positive for many terminal diseases.
Worse off; employers dealing with re-cycling firms around the site do not care for the health
of workers. UN-Habitat report (2008) said that scavengers work under dangerous conditions
which open to all sickness. UNEP report (2007) found; “out that industrial wastes such as
used chemicals, raw materials, expired products and sub-standard goods , agricultural wastes
such as fungicides and herbicides and hospital waste including packaging materials, and
containers, used syringes and other sharp, biological waste and pharmaceuticals are all
dumped at the site”. It is clear that scavenging conditions are not favourable hence posing
health risks. JICA report (1998) noted that both at the site and hundreds around it are at risk
of pollution. UNEP report (2009) point out that it is worse for those come to collect items on
rare occasion. On social front, children get easily mislead into wrong life-styles because of
scavenging to make money. Malimosa (2008) alleges that children in schools around the site
have double focus on money making and learning. In such close distance to the site children
will always hide and scavenge items for sell. Mangizvo (2010) notes that the dump-site has
lured hundreds of children into life in streets on the basis of scavenging for livelihood. Kim
(1998) says scavengers have the worst life encounter with sickness engineered by poisonous
fumes from the site .once set on fire. According to UNEP (2008) report, scores of people
around the site have been treated of complications linked to the site problems. Additionally,
Comboni Missionaries report (2009) showed those treated in the neighbouring health
facilities showed the level of danger exposed to scavengers and residents of the area. This is a
high percentage of infection that would be stopped and perhaps controlled if the residents of
the area operated under a strict guide-line. This study sought to learn the existing national law
that controls the needs of stakeholders at the site. For instance; the scavenger group falls
within the wider scope of the regulation that does not specify properly the operation
requirements hence many end up with health complications or succumb to death. This makes
scavenging a bit difficult and prone to health risks. Controlled Substances Regulations (2007)
states that; “regulation mandates NEMA to monitor the activities of persons handling
controlled substances, in consultation with relevant line ministries and departments, to ensure
compliance with the set requirements. Under these regulations, NEMA will be publishing a
list of controlled substances and the quantities of all controlled substances imported or
exported. The list will also indicate all persons holding licenses to import or export controlled
substances, with their annual permitted allocations”. 2.6 Solid waste disposal outletsrecycling
market. All that find way to the Dandora dump-site is a resource. Low -income
earners sort out materials and sell them to dealers who work in re-cycling firms. They do not
leave anything behind that can make money. Malimosa (2008) confirms that everything to the
poor is money. Dandora dump-site has a strong outlet for waste through re-cycling.
Mangizvo (2010) says that if the site can be under good management it is able to provide
income for many young people. 2.7 Awareness about positive effects of solid waste
materials. Human scavenging is a reliable means of livelihood however; its benefits cannot be
attained if the people involved in it are not knowledgeable about the dangers .According to
Mangizvo (2008), there is need for general understanding of waste handling principles.
However; harmful effects realized at the site would be less if there were proper awareness
strategies of reducing toxic substances. NEMA report (2009) says that all the people must be
knowledgeable about risks linked to waste. Even though McCalman (2008) points out that
many people live in ignorance and open to serious health challenges. 2.7.1 Effects of solid
waste materials on livelihood and welfare. Scavenging solid waste at the site has had positive
effects on the income of the poor. Firstly, scavenging has increased income hence better
living standards of the residents around the site. Muniafu (2010) adds that scavengers at the
site have held dear scooping waste for livelihood and welfare hence formed a heavy network
of business that end up creating opportunity to the jobless. Muniafu again acknowledges solid
waste has opened a rare opportunity for employment thus improving livelihood. Dandora
dump-site is like gold mine. Muniafu (2010) alleges that the rich have a strong decision on
the business at the site. Benefits from the site have changed the perception of the residents
more than the harm it causes to them. UNEP report (2009) notes that collections of solid
waste have transformed living standards of many scavengers and the idea of re-location is not
100% given support. Human scavenging has positive effects to the livelihood of residents and
their dependents. Muniafu (2010) observes that proponents of the re- location propose more
efforts to be put in place to benefit low-income earners. In addition to reducing poverty
among families, the percentage of social evils is going down because the unemployed youth
have a means of generating income for livelihood and welfare. The site has become a
business hub and a life-line to many scavengers. UNEP report (2009) records that Dandora
dump-site has a bee-hive of sorting of solid waste materials. This report continues to note that
hard economic time has established a culture of survival, which leads scavengers to fend for
livelihood and welfare. Indicating the significance of the site, Kim (1998) says that children
are the best agents for sorting waste in the site for business. UNEP report (2008) show that
collection of solid waste and sales has brought dependence on the site. JICA report (2009)
alleges that school children rely on waste food-stuff such as sweets and chocolate from the
dump-site which they sell secretly at the gates. Mangizvo (2008) adds that children are not
only the beneficiary of the dump-site. He observes that women also collect items for sale.
Scavenging is an up-coming means of livelihood for those that are not employed. This is one
sector that can create many opportunities of employment if regulated and guided by policy.
The increase of population coupled with double amounts of solid waste materials in the city
justify the need to formulate a frame-work of sorting materials in order to guarantee creation
of jobs for livelihood. There are million tonnes of solid waste material at the site. This is a
resource that needs to be exploited for meaningful gain. UNEP (2009) indicate that many
scavengers live on sales of scrap metal, cables and bottles which they re-sell to brokers in the
large industries. 15 At present, Nairobi city is experiencing excessive waste disposal as
compared to the rates of 1990’s. Muniafu (2010) observes that increased generation of waste
to globalization, technological advancement in the industrial sector and population increment
in city. Nairobi City Council report (2010) indicates that lots of waste materials coming to the
site are drawing focus for business. On the basis of the predicament, this study find logic in
re-use of waste materials as a way of turning the situation to be an opportunity for
employment for thousands of young people in the city and an innovation for vision 2030
through scavenging as an appropriate skill of sorting tonnes of solid waste for re-use. The
study acknowledges the challenges that the local authorities have gone through in the attempt
to manage waste materials. Solid waste material needs to be harnessed and processed for reuse.
It is evident that over 70 firms have understood the potential in solid waste materials for
commercial purposes. Since immemorial human scavenging had been used to fend for food.
This happens to be a natural and simple way of separating many items hence putting them in
different categories. Due to unemployment many young people have found havens of making
a living. The present study finds it worthy determining the effects of human scavenging on
livelihood and welfare of the scavengers at the site. 2.8 National law on solid waste
management. Solid waste materials are a phenomenon of the urban centres and therefore, the
current issue of scavenging does not feature prominently in connection with dumping and
management. Regulations management report (2008) say that inadequate policy guide-line
has left a big room for abnormalities that result to poverty, illiteracy and malnutrition. The
provided policy does not clearly stipulate the scope, the requirements, capacity building and
site maintenance, awareness initiatives as regulatory frame- work at an individual level.
Individual scavengers have nothing to guide as they go about livelihood and welfare work
around the site. Focus only is on industrialists, hotel industry, agriculture and those in the
manufacturing industry. Admittedly; there is little information on how an illiterate scavenger
would go on with the procedure of sorting materials mixed with toxic and non-toxic
substances. It is true that the provided regulation, offer guide-line to the upper cadre of
handlers of solid waste materials. The scavenging groups who are of low economic class are
neglected and no proper policy on how to go about their transaction of sorting solid waste
materials. During the initial policy establishment probably little had been known of
scavenging solid waste materials and consequently a gap was left on how it can impact
livelihood and welfare of the individuals. According to Kim (1998) the degree of scavenging
is so intensive at the main Dandora waste disposal such that a visit to the site during the day
appears as if the scavengers are people working in a rice field. The point of concern, here is
how scavenging is done? The previous studies note that the mandate of the concerned
authorities is limited. JICA report (1998) for instance; claims that there are no proper guidelines
on waste disposal. Environment News Service (2007) observes that for the livelihood of
the poor measures must be put in place to help them benefit from re-cycling waste. This
simply means that scavenging waste for re-use is not illegal. It is clear that scavenging
behaviour is not well defined and its confinement within law but an omission of the rightful
scavenging policy. NEMA report (2006) distinguishes the agency from other institutions for
its key role policy enforcement. Previous studies highlighted livelihood of the poor at the site
nevertheless their activities were not captured in the national management policy. 2.8.1
Significance of the Dump-site to the community. There are different opinions about relocating
Dandora dump-site. These observations range from the scavengers at the site, the
neighbourhood, the non-governmental organizations and the government. It is clear that the
Dandora dump-site continues to file up with thousands of tonnes of solid waste materials.
UNEP report (2008) indicates that thousands of tonnes find way to the site on a daily basis.
Malimosa (2009) adds the dump has broken international laws on environmental care for
decades. JICA report (2010) contented that scavengers see garbage (taka) as money. They
believe that letting the site be re-located will mean giving away money and a source of
livelihood. This argument from scavengers has found support from some government
quarters that believes that the site can be made better and friendly to the environment.
Dandora site is not different from other known dumpsites in the world. NEMA report (2008)
cites around the world have transformed dump-sites for economic use. This report does not
support the idea of re-location of the site. Further, NEMA report (2010) show that the City
Council of Nairobi work-force is unable to handle the huge garbage collected daily towards
the site, consequently; residents of Dandora estate see the site as health problem. UNEP
report (2009) indicates that Dandora dump-site is to be moved on the grounds of health risks
to the residents. It is argued that Ruai site has an advantage in that, if developed by the
government it will support modern waste re-cycling facilities, which are missing at the
Dandora site. The non-government organizations and the government want to see the site relocated
to a sanitary land. The position of the government was to de-commission the Dandora
hence establishing Ruai site to provide recycling facilities. However; Muniafu (2010) says
that the Dandora is under control of wealthy people who seek to maintain the status quo in
order to protect business interests. The authoritative position taken by politicians and
business people make it hard to re-locate it. 2.9 Theoretical plan of this work. Sustainable
livelihood theory explained the phenomenon exhibited in the dump-site where scavengers
generate income with full knowledge of the dangers involved in handling solid waste
materials. 2.9.1 Sustainable livelihood theory Society has a system that controls all the
activities of man-kind up to including the way of livelihood. Nevertheless, sustainable
livelihood approach advance the insight that the system is likely to distort regulatory guidelines
of survival hence subjects ending up looking for an alternative means. Majale (2002)
observes that our governance system comprise of departments within ministries which not
deliver their mandate to the citizens. It is not the wish of the scavengers to resort into
separating toxic and non-toxic substances for livelihood and welfare at the site. These persons
sorting solid waste for valuable materials have families to care and feed. However, they are
unemployed. Series of corrupt deals and bad policies of the government cannot provide a
solution to the thousands of unemployed youth, elderly men and women. To sustain
themselves, scavenging is the only alternative means of livelihood and a strategy of reducing
poverty. Makaje (2000) defines livelihood as:- “the capabilities, assets (stores, resources,
claims and access) and activities required for a means of living: a livelihood is sustainable
which can cope with and recover from stress and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities
and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities for the next generation; and
which contributes net benefits to other livelihoods at the local and global levels and in the
long and short term”. Sustainable livelihood approach alleges that there are enough assets
around man-kind which can help improve living standards of individuals and families.
Dandora dump-site is an environment with all assets to sustain low income earners even
though at their own health risk. Schaefer (2004:358) notes that human ecology is concerned
with inter-relationships between people and their environment. It is clear that there is a
unique manner of inter-relation within the system where man produces waste which again he
utilizes to address needs. It is therefore; by nature that scavengers find themselves going back
to waste products when nature press hard with needs of livelihood. When individuals,
households and communities encounter ineffective regulatory system, sustainable livelihood
approach advance that a coping and adaptive strategy is sought to respond to external shocks
and stresses such as corruption and failed policies. This theory provides a strong conceptual
base of explaining human scavenging as a strategy of livelihood at the Dandora dump-site.
2.9.2 Self-help theory Life is the concern of an individual therefore, ineffective government
systems and poor policies put heavy life burden that lead to alternative means of survival. In
that perspective, self-help approach maintains that human beings will always find ways of
sustaining life even when the situation is difficulty. Waltz (2004), upholds that that no other
states can be relied upon to help guarantee the state's survival. He; further believes that states
act in a rational manner in a spectrum of many states competing for autonomy to control
resources. Similarly, human scavengers find it as their prime responsibility to look for
livelihood against the laid down norms of survival in the society. According to self-help
theory, human beings have an ultimate authority over means of livelihood in a multitude of
actors looking for resources. Definitely, human beings act over and above all the laid down
polices in order to safeguard life. Beebe (1989) observes that human behaviour cannot
sufficiently be explained by one theory and therefore self-help approach seek to provide a
deeper insight and prediction of the occurrence of human scavenging phenomenon as a
means of livelihood. Human scavenging is an inevitable behaviour. When systems of life are
not working, self-help approach explains what to expect and the likely results. 2.9.3
Conceptual framework. Conceptual framework of the study included a network of variables
that exhibit the flow and direction of their relationships. In the current study the focus was on
the effects of human scavenging on livelihood and welfare. This implied human scavenging
an independent variable while sustainable livelihood as a dependent variable. 20 Figure 1:
CONCEPTUAL FRAME-WORK. Independent Variables Characteristics of human
scavengers Types of solid waste and disposal outlets Protective measures by scavengers
Dependent Variables Effects on Livelihood and Welfare Perceptions of solid waste collectors
The above figure shows other variables seeking to bring influence on dependent variable. The
proposed scheme of work includes two types of concepts, the independent and the dependent
variable. Livelihood and welfare change can also be as a result of characteristics of human
scavengers, type of materials scavenged, protective measures and perceptions of solid waste
collectors 2.10 Operational definitions Refers to statements made by the government in its
various documents as well as national leaders on solid waste materials. This study did
assessments on the following aspects:- Livelihood among the scavengers Livelihood:
Assessed on the basis of the following aspects:- a. Family stability: Peace of mind in the
family as a result of guaranteed income. b. Savings: Money put aside after all other family
expenditure. c. Acquisition of assets: The ability to buy domestic assets and meet household
needs. Welfare of the scavengers in the interest groups This variable was assessed based on
the following effects:- a. Group membership: Referred to membership in scavenging group.
b. Goals and activities of the group: Referred to specific goals and activities of the group. c.
Frequency of meeting: Referred to the number of meetings in a month. d. Support from the
group: Referred to how members were assisted in the group. e. Reason of joining the group:
Referred to individual reasons of joining scavenging group. CHAPTER 3.0 RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter outlined the procedures of conducting the
study. It began with identifying the site of study and the strategy of assessment. Further, it
provided an assessment design; a sampling methodology that helped to collect data from the
target population. 3.2 Site selection and description The site of the study was at Dandora
dump-site which is located in Embakasi constituency, 4 kilometres away from Nairobi city. It
is surrounded by residential estates such as Baba Dogo, Dandora, Kasarani and Kariobangi. It
is the major disposal point of waste materials from the whole city. Re-cycling of waste
materials such as wood, metal, glass, wire, plastic as well as stones sustain livelihood of
hundreds of scavengers. Business contacted at the site is on the basis of human scavenging
acquired over the years by the vendors of solid waste materials. This occupation is natural
and normally practiced in the time of need for food particularly at the site as a source of
livelihood and a means of employment. Nevertheless; the focus question in this study was;
“Does human scavenging have effects on the livelihood and welfare of Dandora dump-site
low income earners?” Therefore; this study sought to assess the effects of human scavenging
on livelihood and welfare of scavengers at the site. 3.3 Research Design The study was based
on survey with a fact finding for maximum reliability of the outcome. To determine the
effects of human scavenging on livelihood and welfare of low-income earners at Dandora
dump-site, the researcher used both qualitative and quantitative techniques to analyze data.
1.4 Units of observation and analysis. Respondents on survey showed a progress in livelihood
and welfare. Indicators in the study were food, rent, school fees, welfare contribution and
medication. The practice added value to the needs of the respondents. To study the effects of
human scavenging on livelihood and welfare, the researcher looked at the number of
government statements and gazette notices about dumping regulations. Further, the study
looked at age, years of scavenging, marital status and education of the scavengers to see how
these factors contribute to their livelihood. The study also sought to establish the type of
trade-able materials that brought income hence improving living standards of the scavengers.
The type of protective devices against ill-health was studied to 23 determine the impact
towards living standards of the scavengers. The kind of decisions made by the scavengers
was assessed and the change they brought to the lives of the group. To every factor related to
the livelihood and welfare of the scavenging group was analyzed in terms of income per day,
savings per month and investment in a month, school fees paid per term and medical bills per
month. 1.5 Target population, Sample size and Sampling technique The dump-site has an
estimated population of 500 scavengers both men and women. The population at the site is in
terms of the individuals involved in the process of sorting waste materials and do not have
homogeneous units in terms of age, gender, marital status, experience and level of education.
This research chose (40) scavengers as part of the target population such that the selected
portion represented the group in the site. Further; the population entails young men and
women who earn little income from unreliable sources in the society. They have a rich
experience in scavenging solid waste materials in search for valuable items for food and sale.
A good number of them sniff glue and smoke bhang. This was a complex study. It was not
easy to get representative sample from the larger population therefore; the researcher selected
respondents using sampling methods that are non- representative. Not being easy to use other
methods to obtain a sample, convenient sampling technique was ideal for drawing 40
respondents required for study. In this case, the researcher was able to reduce bias in the
selection. This method entailed the use of contacts of scavengers at the site in order to build
up a sample of the group to be studied. Further; individual scavengers were used to introduce
their friends to the researcher hence building the required sample of study. 3.6 Case studies
The study also used case studies to get detailed information from 3 well informed scavengers.
From the nature of the behaviour studied, the researcher tried to obtain a representative crosssection
of the population. On the basis of human behaviour, the characteristics could not be
representative. The individuals portrayed unique behaviour in attempt to sustain livelihood.
These cases did not guarantee representative sample of the study even though they provided a
comprehensive understanding of the scavenging group. 3.7 Techniques of data collection. a)
Secondary data The available sources of information were the newspaper; journals, gazette
notices, government policy documents and reports published books and related research
findings. b) Primary data. In this study, the researcher collected information from the
identified respondents at the site. The respondents chosen for study answered questions from
a well designed questionnaire with closed and open –ended questions. To get relevant
information, the researcher interviewed the key informants. In the study, key informants with
vital information about human scavenging were interviewed and generated qualitative data.
3.8 Tools of data collection Questionnaire The questionnaire consisted of both closed and
open questions examining the characteristics of human scavengers, the type of solid waste
and disposal outlets and protective measures by scavengers. First and foremost, the questions
sought to explore bio-data of characteristics such as age, sex and marital status. Further, the
opinions of the respondents were collected in the data. Secondly, economic variables such as
earnings, savings, academic levels and investments were captured in the data. Thirdly, the
study recorded the factors that influence human scavenging such as language, religion and
ethnic background. Interview guide for key respondents The researcher used an interview
guide with pre-determined set of questions which were simple and open. The guide was
flexible to factor relevant issues from the key informants. The responses from the informants
were recorded in a tape upon writing down the necessary details. 3.9 Data analysis The
information obtained in the study was interpreted and presented in pie charts, tables, and
histograms. The findings have given direction to human scavenging and its effects on
livelihood and welfare of Dandora dump-site scavengers. The numerical data also gathered
and analyzed using SPPSS for easy interpretation. In this case the researcher used statistical
tools to project the future situations of human scavenging for commercial use. The
projections attained enhanced the occupation of scavenging therefore; foreseeing future
trends for improved livelihood and welfare. In this study; data was put in a statistical form in
order to be understood and interpreted. In operationalising the concepts of measurements,
scavengers under study were real. Designated variables were measured at nominal, ordinal,
interval and ratio. Nominal variable was a category of labels. Scavengers group was
categorized into age, gender, marital status and level of education. The nominal variable
waste had three categories plastics, metals, wood and glass therefore scavengers were
categorized according to the type of materials sorted for sale. In this case the class of nominal
variable was an arithmetic operation. This research dealt with measures of nominal scale into
measures of percentages. At the site, the materials were positioned in a numbered order in
accordance to the frequency of sorting from the site. The categories were labeled as rare,
occasional, frequent and regular. The scavengers were ranked in the extent in which they
acquired education, training and awareness of scavenging risks. The researcher was able to
rank, add and subtract the units. A variable was considered to be in ratio level if the scale of
values assumed by the variable ranged from an absolute zero value 0 to 100%.The current
research synthesized a set of values reflected in the variables in statistical measures making
quantitative data useful. All the variables studied helped the researcher to understand the
scavenging population through data. The responses generated in the interviews and group
discussion were coded and quantified in order to make computation and interpretation
possible. In measuring the factors of the scavengers it was vital to assign a numerical value to
represent rate of the variables measured. The large numbers recorded were summed up into
categories through classification which harmonized numbers on value distribution. Raw data
from the field was organized in a way of arranging it in pre-set format through statistical tools
that enhanced description of the situation in numbers. Raw data therefore, acquired
distribution of values for statistical interpretation. CHAPTER 4.0 DATA ANALYSIS,
PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION 4.1 Introduction This chapter analyzed and
presented data collected from the scavengers at Dandora dump-site in Embakasi constituency.
The data was based on the conceptual frame–work of the study discussed in chapter three
guided by the following objectives:-To examine the characteristics of the respondents
involved in scavenging at Dandora dump-site; to find out the type of solid waste materials
scavenged and their disposal outlets; to examine measures used by scavengers to protect
themselves against ill- health at the site and to examine the effects of the solid waste
materials on livelihood and welfare of the scavengers. The empirical data presented in this
study answered all the proposed questions thus adding more knowledge about human
scavenging as an emerging form of self- employment to hundreds of people. 4.2
Characteristics of the respondents involved in scavenging at Dandora dump-site The first
objective of the study was to examine the characteristics of human scavengers at the Dandora
– dump site in terms of gender, age, marital status, education level, religion, ethnic
composition, language and dependents. To help understand the presentation of the aforementioned
characteristics, below is a table showing gender, age and marital status the
findings. Table 2. Gender, Age, Marital status and education level of the respondents.
Characteristics of solid waste scavengers Frequency (N) Percent (%) Male 37 92.5 Gender
Female 3 7.5 Total 40 100 Age 7-13 Years 5 12.5 15-19 Years 17 42.5 20-24 Years 6 15 25-
29 Years 12 30 Total 40 100 Marital Status Married 25 62.5 Widowed(er) 13 32.5 Divorced 1
2.5 Separated 1 2.5 Never married 0 - Total 40 100 Level of education Level Number Percent
Primary 22 55 Some secondary education 3 0 7.5 0 Completed secondary 15 37.5 No school
Total 40 100 Gender The respondents interviewed were 40, consequently; the study showed
that 83% were men while 17% were women. The data revealed that the phenomenon of
separating solid waste materials was dominated by men. The researcher sought to know why
women were few in the business and a key informant said, “We fear men raping us therefore;
we are not comfortable working with them without authority to protect our rights”. Age Age
was also another aspect that was under study and the outcome depicted that age bracket of
15-19 years constituted 54% followed by 21% of those with 25-29 years. Records show that
20-24 years 28 represented 15% while 7-14 years 10% as the least age bracket among the
respondents. The ideal age for scavenging was also an issue of concern. The modal class as
indicated from the table above was 15-19 years. This age bracket had the highest distribution
meaning that it was the ideal age for scavenging. Marital Status By nature, scavenging
demanded many hours of bending and lifting heavy materials in search of valuable items for
sale. The study sought to establish the representation of the respondents in terms of marital
status. In that regard, the findings showed that the majority of the respondents were married
with 65% control of the business. Further; the widowed(er) had 33% showing that they also
had dependents that needed income for livelihood. Divorced and separated respectively had
1% representation which was a clear indication of less family dependents. Moreover; those
who had not married did not have family need and therefore with 0% representation.
Education level Further; the researcher also wanted to know the levels of education among
the respondents and the table below illustrated the outcome of this feature. The majority of
the respondents had attained only primary education with 55% share of representation in the
business. The next level with greater control of the activity was represented by 37.5% of no
school. The records showed that those with some secondary education stood at 7.5% at the
site. Results indicate that nobody had completed secondary school and for that reason; the
representation was 0%.Computer literacy was also a feature of consideration in the study and
the findings showed that 98% of the respondents did not have the knowledge. Only a few of
them knew how to operate a computer with 2% representation. Religion Moreover; the study
was out to know religious composition among the respondents at the site and the figure below
showed the findings. Among the respondents studied 77% were Christians. None-believers
came second in population size with 17% while Muslims had a percentage value of 6% in the
activity. The figure below has the full details on representation. Figure 2. Religious
representation of the respondents at the site. Christians, 77% Muslims No religion , 17%
Christians Muslims, 6% No religion Ethnic Composition Ethnic composition was also studied
to understand who controlled the business and below is a figure demonstrating the data. As
revealed from findings, ethnic composition varied in control of the activity. The Kikuyu
represented 90% in the business followed by the Kamba with 45% while Luyias were the
least with 34.6%. Other ethnic groups were insignificant and not captured in the data. Figure
3. Ethnic composition of the respondents at the site. 100 90 90 80 70 60 50 45 40 34.6 30 20
10 0 Kikuyu Luyia Kamba Others Kikuyu Luyia Kamba Others Language In every activity
involving more than two people communication was essential and therefore; the researcher
wanted to establish the languages spoken at the site among the respondents. To help know the
outcome of the study, the figure below has details. The findings revealed that 82% of the
respondents spoke Sheng and 10% Kiswahili. Mother tongue and others respectively showed
8% and 0% in representation. Figure 4. Languages spoken by the respondents at the site 8%
0% 10% Kiswahili Sheng Mother Tongue Others 82% Dependents The respondents had a
heavy burden of providing livelihood to dependents in their household who ranged from
spouses, children, siblings, relatives, friends and adopted children. Below is a table showing
categories of dependents of the respondents who relied on income from the site. Table 3.
Dependents in the households Characteristic of the household of the respondents Frequency
(N) Spouse 1 Percent (%) 1 Type of dependent Daughter 14 57 Son 6 13 Siblings 10 22
Relatives 2 2 Friends and Non relatives 5 3 Adopted children 2 2 Total 40 100 Special
Dependent Directly dependents 33 82.25 Indirectly dependents 7 17.75 Total 40 100 The
table above revealed the reality of life in Nairobi with dependents. Direct dependents
included the spouse 1%, daughter 57% and son 13%. The study revealed that indirect
dependents included siblings 22%, adopted children 2%, relatives 2% and friends with nonrelatives
3%. The study found out two types of dependents which were special dependents
with 82.25% direct and indirectly dependents 17.75%. The numbers of dependents showed a
heavy burden of livelihood. One of the key informants said, “Life in Nairobi is expensive and
one has to look for means of livelihood”. 4.3 The type of solid waste materials scavenged and
disposal outlets The second objective of this study was to determine the types of solid waste
materials scavenged, non- toxic materials, level of experience, means of transport, storage,
disposal outlets and income. Types of solid waste materials in the site The respondents
interviewed said plastics were marketable than the other solid waste materials. This fact is
therefore; clear plastics at (90%) with the highest demand in the re-cycling industry. The
figure below also showed that metals at (28%) followed with a low demand in the market.
Glass (20%) and other materials were of least value. The materials at the site were a mixture
of toxic and non-toxic. In addition to plastics, metals, glass and others the respondents also
picked anything that was useful. There were times in which they picked food stuffs, manure,
wood and others. It is clear that the dump-site is full of wealth. Figure 5. Valuable materials
on percentage scale measure 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Glass Metals Plastics Others
Glass Metals Plastics Others Non-toxic materials Respondents said that the dump-site was
full of valuable materials such as food, wood, materials for manure and others. The figure
below show that food stuff with 46.9%was collected in large quantities followed by materials
for agricultural manure at 45.9%. Wood and others were also available for market in 45% and
43.9% respectively. Figure 6. Non-toxic solid waste materials useful 47.5 Manure Percentage
47 46.5 46 45.5 Food stuff 45 44.5 44 43.5 Wood 43 42.5 42 Manure Food stuff Wood
Others Others 45.9 46.9 45 43.9 Solid Waste Materials Level of experience The study
showed that respondents did not start scavenging at the same year and therefore; the table
below indicate the years in which they began benefiting from the sales of solid waste
materials. Records showed that 72.5% began scavenging in the years between 2008 and 2012.
Respondents who began the activity between 2002 and 2007 stood at 20%. The year between
1997 and 2001 represented 2.5% while 1996 had 5% of respondents beginning the activity at
the site. Table 5. The year one began scavenging at the site. Year of beginning scavenging
Range 2008 -2012 2002-2007 1997-2001 1996 Frequency (N) 29 8 1 2 Percent(%) 72.5 20
2.5 5 Mode of transport To reach markets outside the site one needed transport and the
researcher also sought to know the mode of transport used. The figure below illustrates
different modes of transport used by the respondents to reach their preferred markets.
Individual means constituted 50% of transport followed by 34% Boda Boda. The use of lorry
represented 15% and others took 1%. The study indicated that human transport was
significant since majority of respondents were poor. Figure 7. Mode of transport to the
market. Boda Boda 34% Lorry 15% Boda Boda Lorry Others 1% Individuals 50%
Individuals Others Storage The study also sought to establish whether there was any storage
before dispatching solid waste materials to the markets and the figure below displays the
picture of storage prior to dispatch. Figure 8. Storage of solid waste materials before dispatch
No Yes The figure above illustrate that 99% of respondents said that solid waste materials
were not stored. They went on to say that at the site there were no storage facilities even
though it was necessary. Only 1% said that they stored materials before dispatching to the
market. It was clear that this activity was not well structured with storage facilities. Disposal
outlets. It was vital as to enquire more about disposal outlets and markets of the waste
materials and the figure below explains the ready markets of the products from the site. The
findings demonstrate that the largest sales of solid waste materials found market in the
industries with 0.4 tonnes per week. This allegation is clearly supported by majority saying
all the time they sold in the industries. Agricultural firms (0.35 tonnes) were second preferred
markets with respondents indicating most times they found a market. Occasionally,
companies(0.3 tonnes) were also preferred hence their market coming number 3.At times
hotels (0.1 tonnes) were preferred once in a while others were not applicable. Figure 9.
Disposal outlets of materials to the industries, companies, hotels and domestic use. 0.45
Occassionally 0.35 Agricultural Firms All the time Companies Most time 0.25 Tonnes 0.3
0.2 Once in a while 0.15 0.1 Not applicable 0.05 Hotels 0 Occassionally All the time Most
time Once in a while Not applicable Hundreds 0.4 Industries 30.6 38.6 34.6 0.8 Solid Waste
Materials Income from the site The researcher sought to know for how long the respondents
did the business and the money made in a month. The table below shows details of income
generated in a month. Table 6: Income in a day per person Income per day Frequency (N)
Percent (%) Ksh.150-170 14 35 Ksh.180-200 16 40 Ksh. 200-220 5 12.5 Ksh. 240-260 3 7.5
Ksh.280-300 2 5 Total 40 100 The highest income stood at 40% that came from the
respondents who generated Ksh 180-200. The second best income of 35% was generated
from Ksh.150-170.The third best income per month represented 12.5%. The lowest income
per month was recorded as 7.5% and 5% respectively. Data showed that human scavenging
created income daily. Those involved in the activity made good money which is equivalent to
a day wage in the industrial area. “A key informant said that they made daily income between
Ksh.150-200 and pointed out that scavenging was beneficial beyond expectations.” 4.4 The
measures used by scavengers to protect themselves against ill-health. The third objective of
the study was to look at health matters such as health problems, the measures of protection
against ill-health, means of treatment, ill-health workshop, and NHIF medical insurance
among the respondents at the site. The activity of sorting out toxic and non-toxic solid waste
materials had risks, consequently; the table below illustrates problems in the past six months.
Health problems Table 7: Health problems that affected the respondents in the past six
months. Health problems Yes (%) No (%) Total Percent (N) Skin disorders 5 95 100 40 Eye
infections 30 70 100 40 Respiratory Ailments 85 15 100 40 Abdominal problems 2.5 97.5
100 40 Others specify 0 100 100 40 The infections reported had different ratios of
percentage. Abdominal problems and skin disorders recorded the highest rates of infection
with 97.5% and 95% respectively followed closely by eye infections with 70%.Respiratory
ailments were not common even though 15% of the respondents suffered. Measures of
protection Table 8: The measures of protection against ill-health of the respondents at the
site. Protection measures Yes (%) No (%) Total Percent (N) I put on boots regularly 5 95 100
40 I wear gloves rarely as a protective device 30 70 100 40 I protect myself with heavy
clothing. 85 15 100 40 I put on a mask against toxic fumes at the site. 2.5 97.5 100 40 I put
on eye glasses at the site. 0 100 100 40 I cover my mouth completely at the site. 62.5 37.5
100 40 Protection of health was an issue of concern to the researcher. In this study,
respondents were asked to show much they cared about their health. Having attended health
forum, the results were not matching since 95% of the respondents did not put on boots to
protect their feet.70% did not wear gloves as protective device. Even though heavy clothing
received a positive back-up with 85% response. Almost 97.5% neglected masks against toxic
fumes while eye glasses were 100% forgotten. Mouth covers showed 62.5% of those who
cared for themselves. Type and cost of treatment The study sought to understand the form of
treatment administered and below is a table providing a comprehensive means of treatment
given to the respondents. At time of sickness, respondents sought different means of
treatment. Records indicate that 57.5% of the respondents decided to buy themselves
medicine from either chemist or pharmacy. Only 27.5% were able to go to the hospital.
Herbal clinic and others were also given 12.5% and 2.5% respectively. Those who opted to
buy medicine went to different vendors hence variation in cost. The table demonstrates that
those who spent between Ksh.250- 400 represented 47.82% while Ksh.300-400 stood at
39.13%. The least number of respondents who spent Ksh.400-450 represented 13.04%.
Table.9: type and cost of treatment sought by the respondents. Type of treatment Frequency
(N) Percent(%) Hospital treatment 11 27.5 Herbal Clinic 5 12.5 Chemist and pharmacy 23
57.5 Others 1 2.5 Total 40 100 Total cost of treatment Ksh.250-400 11 47.82 Ksh.300-400 9
39.13 Ksh. 400-450 3 13.04 Total 23 100 Ill-health workshop. In the past six months, NGOs
organized awareness training on ill-health among the respondents. Below is a figure showing
training workshop attendance. Statistics demonstrate high level of awareness among the
respondents however; when the knowledge was put to test many of the respondents ignored
to practice. The table below show how ill-health knowledge was put into evaluation. Figure
10: Attendance of ill-health workshop. North, Present, 1372.22903 2, 97% Present Absent
North, Absent, 43.9, 3% The findings showed 97% of the respondents attended a workshop
for 2 weeks in 2012 while 3% were absent. The forum was organized by Comboni Mission in
conjunction with local CBOs working in the neighbourhoods of Dandora. Consequently;
percentage provided demonstrates the level of awareness among the respondents as per health
matters. Medical insurance Figure 11: NHIF-Medical insurance among the respondents Yes,
2.5% No ,97.5% No yes In the study, “no” group had the highest representation 97.5%
without NHIF medical insurance. On the other hand, the “yes” group at 2.5% with 1 person
with cover and therefore; it is conclusive that the (no group) looked for their own medical
care. 4.5 The effects of the solid waste materials on livelihood and welfare of scavengers The
fourth objective of this study was to investigate how respondents benefited from the sales of
solid waste materials in relation to livelihood and welfare. A key informant said, “Solid waste
materials are like minerals and oil from the ground and sustainable”. Savings for livelihood
among scavengers around dump-site One of the informants said; “These days we do not go to
industrial area to look for casual work, we have more than enough to make good money at the
dump-site.” In comparison to their counterparts on daily wage scheme in the industrial area,
they had better livelihood. Looking at the expenditure, the researcher wanted to know
whether there was savings done from the income. The table below demonstrates how the
aspect was assessed in reference to money saved to buy domestic assets. Table 10: Savings
and expenditure on domestic assets Savings Frequency (N) Percent (%) Yes 39 97.5 No 1 2.5
Total 40 100 Expenditure Furniture 3 7.5 Utensils 35 87.5 Others 2 5 Total 40 100 Records
were as follows; 97.5% of the respondents said that they saved for tomorrow while 2.5% did
not save. Much of the income and savings were spent on domestic assets as follows; 87.5% of
the respondents bought utensils. 7.5% and 5% bought furniture and others respectively. The
data was a clear indication that scavenging guaranteed livelihood at present and in the future.
Expenditure of income The study was designed to look at the expenditure on different needs.
Below is a table with full details. Table 11: Benefits of income from the sales of solid waste
materials. benefits I buy food for the family % I buy cloths % I buy medicine % I pay house
rent % I educate my children % Increased economic growth % I save and invest little money
% Group welfare % Yes 100 100 60 84 100 80 66 25 No 0 0 40 16 0 20 34 75 Total 100 100
100 100 100 100 100 100 The above table revealed that 100% of the respondents used their
income to buy food, cloths and educate children in school. Further, 94% spent money in
house rent while 80% relied on the income to invest in other areas in order to improve their
livelihood. Only 66% and 60% respectively was spent in business and medicine. The least
percentage of 25% was spent in groups’ welfare. Further; the study showed that needs were
different and therefore; 40% and 75% respectively of the respondents did not spent money on
medicine and group welfare. Moreover; data revealed that 34%, 20% and 16% respectively
did not spend anything on investment, business and house rent. It was clear from the data that
every basic need in the house of the respondents was addressed with the little money from the
sales. School fees In the process of getting the true picture of human scavenging, the
researcher sought to know how income from sales benefited school going children. Normally
children go to school from Monday to Friday. Moreover; this study established most of the
schools in the neighbourhood of the Dandora dump-site were commercial and a fee was a
necessity. Therefore; it meant that if fee was not paid children, had to miss school. Since the
respondents were making good income from the dump-site waste materials, the researcher
looked at the frequency in which children went to school from Monday to Friday in a given
week. Table 12: Respondent’s reports about frequency of their children’s attendance to
school Children’s school attendance Frequency (N) Percent (%) Missed two days 12 30 Did
not miss school 18 45 Missed more than a week 10 25 Did not go to school 0 0 Total 40 100
Table above represent a frequency of child school attendance among the households of the
respondents. The frequency of going to school on the basis of school fees was a clear
indication of the benefits of scavenging solid waste materials for sale. Record show that 45%
of the respondents did not have their children missing a single day because of school fees.
They paid school fees. Those respondents whose children missed two days stood at 30%
while 25% represented those whose children missed more than a week. This showed that 0%
did not go to school. The outcome of the study indicates financial stability among those
involved in the activity. Food Food provision was equally important in this study and
therefore; the researcher wanted to know whether there was improvement on meals based on
income from the sales. To understand clearly the outcome of this inquiry the table below
expressed how meals were taken in a given month among the households of the respondents.
Table 13: Food in the family based on income from the site. Meals Number of meals per day
Percent (%) 1 meal 4 10 2 meals 12 30 3 meals 23 57.2 Others specify 1 2.5 Total 40 100 The
above illustration show how families took meals based on income from scavenged materials.
The report indicated that there was progress since 57.2% of the respondents were able to take
3 meals in a day. Record show that 30% of the respondents could afford 2 meals a day for the
family. One meal and others represented 10% and 2.5% respectively a clear indication that
scavenging had transformed livelihood of families. Respondent’s perceptions of their wellbeing.
The table below showed that 100% of the respondents supported that the activity
improved payment of school fees, house-rent and reduced social evils in the area. On
achievements, 94% and 80% agreed that scavenging created self-employment and increased
economic growth respectively. More importantly, 75% showed that income had improved per
year and 67% increased financial status. Additionally, 60% of the respondents agreed that
health status also improved. On the other hand 40% and 33% observed that there was no
improvement on health and financial status. On the contrary, 25% and 20% also disagreed
that income brought economic growth. On a lesser note, 16% of the respondents disagreed
that scavenging created employment. Table 14: The effects of solid waste materials on
livelihood of families. Effects Improved income per year. % Pay for basic needs fees, rent,
bills % Improved financial status. % Improved health standards % Create employment
opportunity % Reduced social evils % Increased economic growth % Agree 75 100 67 60 94
100 80 Disagree 25 0 33 40 16 0 20 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Welfare of
scavengers around the dump-site A part from sustainable livelihood, the study also sought to
know the effects of scavenging on the welfare among the respondents who had joined groups.
The findings indicated that 93% were in a welfare group while 7% were yet to join. The
figure below illustrates the number of respondents in the welfare groups that enhanced their
scavenging rights. Key informants revealed that welfare groups were formed to enhance
businesses among its members since from the sales the members were able to save small
amount of money weekly. Further, it was found out that the groups provided small loans for
business. The researcher established that welfare groups had one goal of improving business
status of its members through savings. A respondent was open to the researcher and said,
“We save Ksh.100 per week to improve our social welfare and business.” Figure 12:Welfare
groups among the respondents No, 7% Yes,93% Yes No Welfare group meetings It was also
an issue of concern to the researcher to establish how respondents attended meetings to
achieve their goals and the findings provided below explain the aspect in details. The
frequencies showed in the figures varied among the respondents who attended meetings
within a month. Consequently; the attendance to meetings was as follows 64% of the
respondents showed commitment of attending meetings regularly in a month. Slightly lower
were 19% of the respondents who attended occasionally. On the other hand, 11% and 6%
represented those who attended rarely and not sure respectively. These welfare groups were
significant in the life of the respondents. As recorded from one of the key informants: “Our
group has helped us unite and we assist each other in time of need such as sickness”. Figure
13:Frequency of meetings of respondents in welfare groups Not sure Rarely 6% 11% Rarely
Occassionally 19% Occassionally Regularly Not sure Regularly 64% 4.6 Conclusion This
chapter presented the findings of solid waste materials from human scavengers through
questionnaires and the key informants by interviews. The dump-site absorbed hundreds of
young people thus reducing social evils such as robbery and petty stealing. The outcome of
the study revealed the significance of the site to the Dandora residents. The majority of the
people interviewed had not been employed therefore; the site provided them a means of
livelihood through self-employment. Records showed that the respondents were able to
sustain their families and dependents for a better livelihood and welfare. Daily income that
ranged from Ksh 150-250 from the site took care of costs of food, clothing, rent, medication
and school fees. The income also took care of welfare requirements in groups such as
savings. Further; the study showed that young people aged between 15-19 years had low or
no education and therefore; the activity created an opportunity for self-employment. They
separated waste to get valuable items which earned them income such as plastics, metals,
glass but to mention a few. The research indicated that scavenging involved non-toxic
materials which are valuable. Health matters were also highlighted in terms of infections such
as skin disorders, eye infections, respiratory and abdominal ailments affecting the scavengers.
The research indicated that the income from the dump-site was sustainable from millions of
tonnes of solid waste materials that guarantee self-employment. 44 CHAPTER 5.0
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Summary This chapter put
together conclusions and recommendations of the research according to the analysis and
interpretations of chapter four. The content of this chapter was in line with study objectives
which included: the finding out of the characteristics of human scavengers, the finding out of
the type of solid waste materials scavenged and disposal outlets, examining measures used by
scavengers to protect themselves against ill-health, examining the effects of the solid waste
materials on livelihood and welfare of scavengers at the dump-site. The findings showed
clearly that human scavenging had positive impacts on the livelihoods and welfare of the
Dandora residents and the neighbourhoods. The income that was generated from the sale of
solid waste materials was able to cater for basic needs in the families such as food, cloth,
school fees and house rent. The outcome of the research concurs with the literature review
from global impact of human creativity of making income from the sale of solid waste
materials. The global overview agrees that unemployment world-wide has lead man to be
creative to the extent of recycling solid waste materials to make ends meet is an emerging
form of self-employment among the young people. Unemployment is a world- wide
phenomenon among the young people. Scavenging waste materials is an alternative means of
generating income for the family. It was found out that the types of solid waste materials
scavenged at the site are non-toxic and valuable in money terms. As much as the health of the
scavengers was necessary, this study established that many of them hardly put on protection
gear. Depending on the nature of activity involved at the site, life was at risk. Statistics
revealed that the highest daily income could be between Ksh.150-250.These figures were not
far below Ksh.400 daily earnings of casual workers from the industrial area. This study
showed that the income scavenged was enough to cater for daily needs of low income
families in the Eastlands. This level of creativity has helped reduce the challenge of
unemployment and social evils such as prostitution and petty stealing which are driven by
nature to meet basic needs. Scavenging solid waste materials is a practice that broke the
viscous cycle of poverty in Nairobi and its’ neighbourhoods. Scavengers had a positive
attitude on the way of making ends meet, therefore, the study revealed that many involved in
the activity called upon government to put measures to protect them. 5.2 Conclusions In
conclusion, therefore; the findings were rewarding to the low income earners in Dandora.
More particularly, the results showed that scavengers were able to address household needs
with the generated income. The bigger percentage of income went to food, rent, health-care
and education. Scavenging at the dump-site had improved the livelihood and welfare of
respondents interviewed. The impressive changes in lives of people were seen through
affordability of fees of school going children, health, food, cloths and requirements of welfare
groups that demand savings weekly or monthly. The unemployed youth have a source of
income and employment hence reducing levels of insecurity in the area. There was a
remarkable increase on savings and reduction of idling among the youth. Basically, this
meant that there was improvement on livelihood and welfare in the families. Further analysis
showed that food ratio improved unlike before the practice. Education recorded important
improvement with few cases of children going home for school fees. Generally, out of the
practice, families had the pride of life. Unemployed around the dump-site had a sustainable
income to celebrate. Before scavenging become fruitful, there were many cases of diseases.
Even though records indicated that scavengers at the site were able to access cheap healthcare
thus less instances of sickness. Children on the other hand were not hustling for
necessary school fees since their parents could afford. Similarly, the scavengers had also put
little savings in their merry-go around groupings that took care of expansion of their
businesses and uncertainty such funeral expenses. It was evident from the study that garbage
collection and sale had greatly improved livelihood and welfare of the scavengers. In the
previous years, a good number of the unemployed youths were seen as a big challenge to
security and development in the area. Reports from key informants showed that security had
continued to improve with income generation from the site. Youths were able to generate
enough money for luxury hence few cases of theft were reported in the area. The more lorries
went down to empty solid waste materials at the site, the more livelihood and welfare
continued to improve in the families of scavengers. 5.3 Policy Recommendations According
to the analysis of data from questionnaires, interviews and case studies the following were the
recommendations to the policy-makers. a. Literature review of the study showed an important
role of scavenging solid waste materials as a means of enhancing livelihood and creation of
self-employment among the youths in Nairobi. Results from the study showed that little
income from the sale of solid waste materials made a significant improvement to the lives of
low income earners. Life had become meaningful to many scavengers around the dump-site.
Based on findings we recommend that the government should regulate, supervise and
evaluate the progress of scavenging activity at the Dandora dump-site. b. This study revealed
that scavenging was successful and therefore it should be expanded to other counties in the
country. Solid waste materials are resources within the city and therefore they need to be
harnessed for economic growth. c. There is need for a department of the government
mandated to put together all stakeholders of solid waste for effective collaboration,
coordination and utilization of the resources in the counties. This is a new avenue of
generating income from solid waste materials. The perception of a few people was negative
and therefore, stakeholders should organize for trainings and awareness programs on how to
improve the practice. 5.4 Further studies on the scavenging concept. This study was not all
inclusive and therefore the researcher suggests that further studies be conducted to give more
insight on the scavenging phenomenon and how its potential can be harnessed to create
employment in the counties. 1 4 5 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 16 18 19 21 22 24 25 26 27 29 30 31 32
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