Correlation of Human Papilloma Virus and Epstein Barr Virus co-infection with Cytological findings in Cervical Samples among Women Attending Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi

Abstract

Background; Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant tumor arising from the inner walls of the large intestine (the colon). Some of risk factors including high tobacco intake and alcohol consumption are associated with the development of this cancer. Globally it is estimated that about 6.1% of the adult population develop CRC annually. In Kenya, the annual cancer incidence is estimated to be 7.6% for males and 4.8% for females. Objective; To determine colorectal cancer prevalence, risk factors, morbidity and mortality at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) Kenya. Study Methodology; This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. Secondary data of adult CRC patients were collected and analyzed, the data included the following variables: gender, age, ethnicity, residence, marital status, alcohol consumption and tobacco intake from study participants’ clinical records which were obtained from KNH cancer registry. The data were entered into Microsoft Excel and coded using a standard coding system. The data were processed and analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistical software. Statistical tests were performed to test for association between the variables. The prevalence rate, morbidity rate, and mortality rate were estimated. Results; CRC constituted a prevalence proportion of 15% and prevalence by gender in both males and females was 15% of the proportion. There were 53% males in the study in which 5% died of colorectal cancer and 47% of females of which 8% died of the cancer. The majority of the patients were married, 7% died from CRC. The majority of the patients were also between the ages of 41 to 60 years and no deaths due to colorectal cancer was observed in this age group. Patients who live out of Nairobi were 92% less likely to die of CRC. Among the patients, 77% reported having never smoked of which 4% died due to cancer. With alcohol consumption, 14% were alcoholics and 12% of the alcoholics died due to CRC. Alcohol consumption and smoking had no association with CRC morbidity and mortality. Conclusion; Colorectal cancer had the lowest deaths among colon and rectal cancers but with a prevalence proportion of 15%, there is an urgent need of the Government of Kenya to allocate funds for cancer research and the public need do have regular cancer screening