Sanitation challenges, groundwater perspectives and their intertwined relationships in Kisumu, Kenya

Abstract

Key Messages Groundwater is the preferred alternative water source during times of shortages and in areas not served by piped water supplies.Pit latrines are the main sanitation facilities in Kisumu where sewerage extends over less than 20per cent of the city.Pit latrines contribute to microbial contamination of shallow groundwater inKisumu.The sub-surface can be used both as a source of water and as a repository of human waste.