dc.contributor.author | Martin, HL Jr | |
dc.contributor.author | Nyange, PM | |
dc.contributor.author | Richardson, BA | |
dc.contributor.author | Lavreys, L | |
dc.contributor.author | Mandaliya, K | |
dc.contributor.author | Jackson, DJ | |
dc.contributor.author | Ndinya-Achola Jeckoniah O. | |
dc.contributor.author | Kreiss, J | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2013-04-25T12:19:08Z | |
dc.date.available | 2013-04-25T12:19:08Z | |
dc.date.issued | 1998 | |
dc.identifier.citation | J Infect Dis. 1998 Oct;178(4):1053-9 | en |
dc.identifier.uri | www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/whalecom0/pubmed/9806034 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/16810 | |
dc.description.abstract | To examine associations between method of contraception, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and incident human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, a prospective observational cohort study was done among female sex workers attending a municipal STD clinic in Mombasa, Kenya. Demographic and behavioral factors significantly associated with HIV-1 infection included type of workplace, condom use, and parity. In multivariate models, vulvitis, genital ulcer disease, vaginal discharge, and Candida vaginitis were significantly associated with HIV-1 seroconversion. Women who used depo medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) had an increased incidence of HIV-1 infection (hazard ratio [HR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-3.4). In a multivariate model controlling for demographic and exposure variables and biologic covariates, the adjusted HR for HIV-1 infection among DMPA users was 2.0 (CI, 1.3-3.1). There was a trend for an association between use of high-dose oral contraceptive pills and HIV-1 acquisition (HR, 2.6; CI, 0.8-8.5) | en |
dc.language.iso | en | en |
dc.title | Hormonal contraception, sexually transmitted diseases, and risk of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | en |
dc.type | Article | en |
local.publisher | Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi | en |
local.publisher | Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98104-2499, USA | en |